Health

In a significant milestone in Uganda's fight against the Ebola Sudan virus, all eight patients who had been hospitalized for treatment have been discharged after testing negative twice for the virus in tests conducted 72 hours apart. The World Health Organization (WHO) regional office for Africa has confirmed this development, describing it as an important step in controlling the outbreak.

The patients had been receiving treatment in the capital city, Kampala, and in Mbale. Despite their discharge, health officials continue to monitor 216 to 265 individuals who remain in quarantine due to potential exposure. Uganda’s Health Minister, Jane Ruth Aceng Ocero, confirmed the recovery of the eight patients and urged communities to welcome them without stigma.  If no new cases are confirmed in the next 42 days, the outbreak can be declared over.
 

A lower fatality rate compared to previous outbreaks

The outbreak, which began in late January, marked Uganda’s first Ebola Sudan outbreak since 2022 and the world's ninth recorded instance of the virus. Historically, Uganda has experienced eight Ebola outbreaks since the first recorded case in 2000.

The outbreak has resulted in a total of nine cases and one death, which involved the index patient, a 32-year-old male nurse who worked at a referral hospital in Kampala. The case-fatality rate (CFR) stands at 11.1%, significantly lower than previous outbreaks, where the CFR ranged between 41% and 100%.

The Sudan strain of the Ebola virus is a highly infectious hemorrhagic fever transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids and tissues. Unlike the more common Zaire strain, there is currently no approved vaccine for the Sudan strain. However, Uganda responded swiftly to the outbreak by launching a trial of a candidate Ebola Sudan vaccine earlier this month.

Swift response from health authorities and partners

Uganda’s response to the outbreak has been supported by various health organizations, including the WHO, which deployed 47 experts and delivered seven tons of emergency medical supplies to aid the country’s efforts. WHO Representative in Uganda, Dr. Kasonde Mwinga, emphasized that while the discharge of the patients is a positive development, efforts to completely halt the outbreak are ongoing.

The WHO reiterated that the Sudan strain of Ebola is severe, typically killing at least 40% of those infected, making the lower fatality rate in this outbreak a notable success.

Sources:

WHO: Uganda discharges all eight Ebola disease patients 

CIDRAP: Remaining patients discharged in Uganda's Ebola Sudan outbreak

BBC: Uganda discharges Ebola patients

New Vision: Uganda discharges all eight Ebola patients, health minister says

Daily Monitor: Joy as 8 Ebola patients are discharged

About Ebola

Ebola: Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and control

Uganda’s Ministry of Health, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and key partners, has launched the world’s first vaccine trial for the Sudan strain of the Ebola virus. This landmark trial, initiated just four days after the outbreak was confirmed on January 30, marks an unprecedented pace for a randomized vaccine study in an emergency setting.

Leading the trial are principal investigators from Makerere University and the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), supported by WHO and other partners. The trial aims to assess the clinical efficacy of a vaccine against Ebola Sudan, demonstrating the impact of advanced research preparedness while ensuring strict adherence to national and international regulatory and ethical standards.

The candidate vaccine was donated by IAVI, with financial backing from WHO, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and the European Commission's Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA). The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) also provided critical support.

Read more:

WHO:  Groundbreaking Ebola vaccination trial launches today in Uganda 

IAVI: First participants vaccinated with IAVI’s Ebola Sudan vaccine candidate in Uganda amid Ebola outbreak

Ebola: Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and control

East African Community Headquarters, Arusha, Tanzania, 30th January, 2025: The East African Community (EAC) has expressed solidarity with the United Republic of Tanzania and other stakeholders following the confirmation of a Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) outbreak in the Kagera Region, north-western Tanzania. With two confirmed cases and 18 suspected cases reported, this marks Tanzania's second encounter with the deadly virus since the 2023 outbreak in the same region.

The EAC Deputy Secretary General in charge of Infrastructure, Productive, Social, and Political Sectors, Hon. Andrea Aguer Ariik Malueth, praised Tanzania's leadership and the invaluable support provided by global partners in addressing the outbreak. He emphasized that such collaboration underscores the significance of unity and shared responsibility among nations during health crises.

“This outbreak highlights the importance of regional solidarity and swift action,” said Hon. Ariik, acknowledging the critical role of coordinated efforts in mitigating the impact of health emergencies.

Hon. Ariik further reaffirmed the EAC’s commitment to standing with Tanzania and all EAC Partner States in managing the current health emergency. He stressed that the EAC would continue to prioritize enhancing regional capacities to respond to such crises while strengthening collective preparedness for future threats.

Tanzania’s experience in managing the 2023 outbreak in Bukoba District, which resulted in nine cases and six fatalities, has equipped the country with critical expertise in outbreak containment. The EAC Secretariat is encouraging Partner States to share best practices and technical expertise to enhance the regional response to this outbreak.

Read more on this link .

Uganda’s Ministry of Health has confirmed an outbreak of Sudan Ebola Virus Disease (SVD) in Kampala following laboratory confirmation from three National Reference Laboratories. The index case, a 32-year-old male nurse from Mulago National Referral Hospital, succumbed to the disease after presenting severe symptoms.

Details of the index case

The deceased, who worked at Mulago National Referral Hospital, initially exhibited fever-like symptoms and sought treatment at multiple health facilities, including Mulago, Saidina Abubakar Islamic Hospital in Matugga, and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in Mbale City. His condition deteriorated, leading to unexplained bleeding from multiple body sites, multi-organ failure, and ultimately death on January 29, 2025. Post-mortem tests confirmed the presence of Sudan Ebola Virus Disease.

Government response and preventive measures

The Ugandan Ministry of Health has taken swift action to contain the outbreak:

Incident management team activated: Rapid Response Teams have been dispatched to Mbale City and Saidina Abubakar Islamic Hospital in Matugga to monitor and control the situation.

Contact tracing underway: A total of 44 contacts have been identified, including 30 health workers and patients from Mulago, 11 family members of the deceased, and four health workers from Saidina Abubakar Islamic Hospital.

Safe burial practices: The deceased will be accorded a safe and dignified burial to prevent further transmission.

Vaccination rollout: Immediate vaccination of all identified contacts is set to commence to curb the spread of the disease.

Background on Ebola in East Africa

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has been a recurring threat in East Africa, with Uganda experiencing multiple outbreaks over the years. The Sudan Ebola Virus strain, which differs from the more common Zaire strain, has a high fatality rate but currently lacks an approved vaccine. The most recent outbreak in Uganda occurred in 2022, leading to significant public health interventions.

Understanding Ebola Virus Disease

Ebola Virus Disease is a severe and often fatal illness caused by viruses in the Filoviridae family. It spreads through direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person, contaminated surfaces, or infected animals.

Symptoms of Ebola

High fever

Severe headache

Muscle pain and weakness

Sore throat

Vomiting and diarrhea

Unexplained bleeding or bruising

Multi-organ failure in severe cases

Vaccination and treatment

While there is no approved vaccine for the Sudan strain, vaccines such as Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV) have proven effective against the Zaire strain. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, including:

Hydration and electrolyte balance

Oxygen therapy

Blood pressure stabilization

Experimental monoclonal antibody therapies

Prevention Measures

Avoid direct contact with infected individuals

Proper hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment (PPE)

Safe burial practices for deceased individuals

Public health awareness campaigns to control outbreaks

Conclusion

The Ministry of Health continues to monitor the situation and will provide regular updates as new developments emerge.

Also read: https://x.com/MinofHealthUG/status/1884929483209068650 

The Tanzania government plans to establish a specialized centre for epidemic disease management in Kagera, northwestern Tanzania, equipped with all essential laboratory facilities for testing high-risk pathogens. Additionally, a healthcare facility will be constructed to enhance access to medical services.

This was revealed on January 29, 2025, by the country’s Deputy Minister of Health, Dr. Godwin Mollel, during his visit to the office of Kagera Regional Commissioner, Hon. Fatma Mwassa, to commend the efforts in controlling the Marburg virus outbreak in Biharamulo District, which the government says has now been contained. With two confirmed cases and 18 suspected cases reported, this marks Tanzania's second encounter with the deadly virus since the 2023 outbreak in the same region.

Dr. Mollel stated that the government recognizes the need for such a centre in Kagera due to its geographical location, as the region borders four neighbouring countries, making it vulnerable to epidemic outbreaks due to cross-border interactions.

Speaking about the healthcare facility construction, he confirmed that funds have already been allocated, and Kagera is among the priority regions. The government's current focus is on strengthening primary healthcare services.

"We need to improve our border health systems, including ensuring that we have committed personnel at all times," said Dr. Mollel. Additionally, he emphasized that the government will ensure that regional security and defense committees receive specialized health training, as they play a crucial role during public health emergencies.

Meanwhile, the minister directed the Medical Stores Department (MSD) to provide regional and district commissioners with copies of medicine distribution reports for hospitals in their respective areas to enhance accountability and monitoring.

He explained that under the current system, medical supplies are directly delivered to hospitals, making it difficult for regional or district leaders to verify medicine shortages when they arise.

 For her part, Kagera Regional Commissioner, Hon. Fatma Mwassa, expressed gratitude to the President of Tanzania, Hon. Dr. Samia Suluhu Hassan, for the swift response in allocating funds to combat the Marburg virus outbreak in the region. She urged the Ministry of Health to continue strengthening the capacity of security and defence committees, border personnel, and staff at the Bukoba and Kemondo ports to ensure efficient response during epidemic outbreaks.

Also available here: https://x.com/wizara_afyatz/status/1884658104198963472

Also read: Open configuration options

Two deaths reported as Tanzania strengthens response to Marburg outbreak

 https://rcc.eac.int/node/158 

As Tanzania grapples with Marburg Virus outbreak: What you need to know

https://rcc.eac.int/node/153 

The Government of Tanzania has intensified efforts to combat the Marburg virus outbreak, which has already claimed two lives since its declaration on January 19, 2025, by Tanzania’s President Dr. Samia Suluhu Hassan in Biharamulo, Kagera region.

Director of Preventive Services at the Ministry of Health, Dr. Ntuli Kapologwe, announced on January 24, 2025, that measures include deploying expert teams in the area to provide treatment, raise public awareness about prevention, and identify symptoms. Alongside the two deaths, 15 suspected cases have been reported, with 281 contacts under observation.

Dr. Kapologwe revealed that 191 community health workers have been trained to serve all 10,893 households in Biharamulo District. Testing facilities, medicines, and 13 isolation centers with 64 health workers have been established. “We emphasize following health guidelines, providing accurate information, and combating misinformation,” he noted.

Chief Medical Officer Dr. Grace Magembe commended the experts’ efforts during her visit to Biharamulo, stressing the importance of public education for prevention and urging health workers to use protective gear.

During her January 25 visit to the Mobile Community Health Laboratory in Misenyi, Dr. Magembe acknowledged the support of health sector partners and outlined the government’s Marburg response plan. Priority areas include research, laboratories, sanitation facilities, transportation, treatment, and border control. 

Speaking on behalf of the WHO, Dr. Dick Chamla lauded Tanzania’s proactive use of local resources. Partners like WHO, MDH, MSF, CDC Tanzania, UNICEF, and the Benjamin Mkapa Foundation have joined the response. Dr. Magembe affirmed, “Our goal is to eradicate this disease entirely. Let’s collaborate, and we assure you that resources will be used effectively.”

On January 26, she inspected the Kagera Regional Referral Hospital, expressing satisfaction with specialist care improvements that have eased the burden on local residents.

Read more:

As Tanzania grapples with Marburg Virus outbreak: What you need to know https://rcc.eac.int/node/153 

More photos: https://x.com/wizara_afyatz/status/1883489296700584205 and  https://x.com/wizara_afyatz/status/1883568102761288149

A team of experts, led by Dr. Ntuli Kapologwe, Director of Preventive Services in Tanzania's Ministry of Health, along with Biharamulo District Commissioner Hon. Advera John Bulimba, health professionals from Kagera Region, and other health sector stakeholders, is conducting awareness campaigns to educate the public about Marburg Virus Disease (MVD).

Following the declaration of an MVD outbreak in Tanzania, with one confirmed case and 25 suspected cases reported in Biharamulo, Kagera Region, the team has actively engaged the community. As part of the campaign, they held a meeting with traders at Biharamulo Market to discuss effective measures for preventing Marburg virus infections.

According to Dr. Kapologwe, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with health sector stakeholders, is intensifying efforts to educate and mobilize communities on preventing the dangerous disease. The efforts include the distribution of awareness leaflets and posters with precautionary messages.

Dr. Kapologwe highlighted that the campaign aligns with the directives of Tanzania’s President Dr. Samia Suluhu Hassan, who has stressed the importance of taking all necessary precautions to safeguard public health.

During the campaign, Dr. Kapologwe explained that the Marburg virus spreads rapidly through body fluids of infected individuals, such as blood, vomit, saliva, urine, faeces, or sweat. Other sources of transmission include touching items used by Marburg patients or consuming carcasses of infected animals such as bats, monkeys, and apes.

"The key symptoms of Marburg include high fever, severe headaches, vomiting (sometimes with blood), diarrhea (sometimes with blood), and bleeding from various parts of the body," he said.

Dr. Kapologwe urged citizens to protect themselves by adhering to health guidelines, including:

1. Washing hands regularly with running water and soap.

2. Avoiding contact with body fluids of individuals showing symptoms of Marburg.

3. Refraining from handshakes, hugs, or kisses.

4. Avoiding contact with or consumption of carcasses of animals like bats, monkeys, and apes.

5. Not touching or washing the bodies of deceased persons who exhibited Marburg symptoms and ensuring proper health-compliant burial practices.

He also encouraged the public to report any suspected cases to health authorities by calling the toll-free number 199.

Hon. Bulimba commended the swift actions taken by the government and stakeholders in providing treatment, preventive services, and health education in Biharamulo. She urged residents to adhere to health regulations to prevent the spread of diseases.

These measures aim to ensure the safety of Tanzanians and prevent further transmission of the deadly Marburg virus. See photos here  and here .

WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus convened with over 200 health, development, and diplomatic partners in Tanzania to discuss the government’s intensified efforts to combat the Marburg virus disease outbreak in the country's northwest.

Dr. Tedros highlighted President Samia Suluhu Hassan’s strong commitment to health and the comprehensive emergency response underway. He called on all partners to unite in supporting the Tanzanian government to swiftly bring the outbreak under control.

"In times of challenges, we must come together to protect and promote people's health and wellbeing," he emphasized.

See the WHO Director-General's posts on X and photos here  and here . 

The article "Emergence of Marburg Virus Disease in West Africa amid COVID-19 and Ebola: Efforts, Challenges, and Recommendations to Prevent the Next Public Health Crisis" provides a comprehensive analysis of Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), a severe hemorrhagic fever caused by the Marburg virus, an RNA virus from the Filoviridae family. The primary natural reservoir is the African fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), facilitating transmission through animal-to-animal, animal-to-human, and human-to-human interactions. Historically, MVD outbreaks have been highly fatal, with mortality rates reaching up to 90%, predominantly affecting African regions.

The article delves into the origins and transmission mechanisms of the Marburg virus, highlighting its capacity for rapid spread due to various transmission routes. It emphasizes the challenges posed by MVD, especially during concurrent public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and Ebola outbreaks. The authors discuss the compounded difficulties in managing MVD amid these overlapping health emergencies, noting that strained healthcare systems and resource limitations can exacerbate the impact of such outbreaks.

In response to the recent MVD outbreak in West Africa, the article underscores the importance of implementing effective public health strategies. Recommendations include enhancing surveillance systems, improving diagnostic capabilities, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure to better prepare for and respond to future epidemics. The authors advocate for increased awareness and proactive measures to prevent MVD from triggering further public health crises, especially in regions already burdened by diseases like COVID-19 and Ebola.

By providing this analysis, the article aims to draw attention to MVD and encourage the global health community to take necessary actions to prevent potential epidemics caused by this deadly virus.

Marburg virus disease is a severe, often fatal illness. It begins with flu-like symptoms but can escalate to severe vomiting, bleeding, and neurological complications. The disease is typically transmitted from bats or primates to humans and can then spread person-to-person, fueling outbreaks. Marburg virus is a type of hemorrhagic fever, caused by a virus in the same family as Ebola, known for damaging blood vessels and causing internal and external bleeding.

Tanzania is currently battling a new outbreak MVD and has reported one confirmed case and 25 suspected cases, following laboratory tests that identified the infection, raising alarm across the region. The outbreak underscores the critical need for vigilance, early detection, and robust containment measures to prevent further escalation.

How Common is Marburg Virus Disease?
While rare, Marburg virus disease outbreaks can range from a handful of cases to hundreds, making its containment critical.

Other recent and notable outbreaks
Equatorial Guinea (2023): 16 confirmed cases, 12 deaths.
Tanzania (2023): 8 confirmed cases, 5 deaths.

Historical outbreaks
Uganda (2012): 15 cases, 4 deaths.
Angola (2004–2005): 252 cases, 227 deaths.
DRC (1998–2000): 154 cases, 128 deaths (primarily in mine workers).
Germany & Yugoslavia (1967): 31 cases, 7 deaths (linked to handling African green monkeys).

What are the symptoms?
MVD symptoms typically appear in two phases:
Initial Phase (5–7 days):
Fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, sore throat, rash, and cough.

Advanced phase:
Severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, weight loss, and bleeding from the nose, mouth, or eyes.

Seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms arise.

What causes MVD?
The disease is caused by two viruses: Marburg virus (MARV), Ravn virus (RAVV)
Both belong to the Filoviridae family, the same as the Ebola virus.

How does the virus spread?
MVD spreads through contact with:
Infected body fluids like blood, saliva, urine, or semen.
Contaminated surfaces.
Bats or primates carrying the virus.

Risk factors include working with animals, visiting caves where fruit bats live, or caring for infected individuals.

Diagnosis and treatment
A blood test confirms the disease. Early diagnosis is critical as symptoms often mimic malaria or typhoid. Always inform healthcare providers of recent travel or exposure to outbreak areas.

Is there a cure?
Currently, no specific cure exists. Treatment focuses on supportive care, including:
Oxygen therapy.
Intravenous fluids.
Managing complications like dehydration or pain.

How can Marburg virus be prevented?
Use protective equipment (masks, gloves, goggles) when caring for patients.
Avoid contact with infected body fluids or contaminated items.
Practice safe burials: Ensure safe handling of the deceased to prevent exposure to bodily fluids.
No handshaking
Refrain from handling bush meat, bats, or primates.
Monitor for symptoms for 21 days after potential exposure and seek care immediately if symptoms develop.

If you suspect infection:
If you think you may have been exposed or experience symptoms:
Seek medical care immediately: Early treatment can save lives.
Isolate yourself: Avoid contact with others to prevent spread.
Notify local health authorities: Visit the nearest healthcare facility for evaluation.

Outlook and prognosis
What should you expect with MVD?
Patients require isolation and close monitoring. Survivors may face long-term complications, including memory issues, muscle pain, or hair loss. The virus can persist in bodily fluids like semen, so continued precautions are necessary.

Is survival possible?
With an average fatality rate of 80%, early medical care is crucial. Mortality rates vary significantly between outbreaks (24%–90%).

When to see a Doctor
If you’ve travelled to an outbreak area or had possible exposure, monitor for symptoms for 21 days. Report any symptoms immediately to healthcare providers and disclose potential exposure to facilitate early diagnosis and care.

Read more:

Tanzania confirms Marburg Virus outbreak: https://rcc.eac.int/node/150 

Marburg Key Facts:   Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment