Environment

The World Health Organization has warned a major chikungunya virus epidemic risks sweeping around the globe, calling for urgent action to prevent it. The WHO said  it was picking up exactly the same early warning signs as in a major outbreak two decades ago and wanted to prevent a repeat.

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes fever and severe joint pain, which is often debilitating. In some cases it can be deadly.

"Chikungunya is not a disease that is widely known, but it has been detected and transmitted in 119 countries globally, putting 5.6 billion people at risk," said the WHO's Diana Rojas Alvarez.

She recalled how from 2004 to 2005, a major chikungunya epidemic swept across the Indian Ocean, hitting small island territories before spreading globally and affecting almost half a million people.

"Today, WHO is seeing the same pattern emerge: since the beginning of 2025, Reunion, Mayotte, and Mauritius have all reported major chikungunya outbreaks. One-third of the population of Reunion is estimated to have been infected already," she told a press briefing in Geneva.

The symptoms of chikungunya are similar to those of dengue fever and Zika virus disease, making it difficult to diagnose, according to the WHO.

Rojas Alvarez said that like 20 years ago, the virus was now spreading to other places in the region, such as Madagascar, Somalia and Kenya. 

"Epidemic transmission is also occurring in south Asia," she added.

In Europe, imported cases have also been reported, linked with the outbreak in the Indian Ocean islands. Local transmission has been reported in France, and suspected cases detected in Italy.

"Because these patterns of transmission were seen in the outbreak from 2004 onwards, WHO is calling for urgent action to prevent history from repeating itself," said Rojas Alvarez.

She noted that the case fatality rate was less than one percent, "but when you start counting millions of cases, that one percent can be thousands" of deaths.

"We are raising the alarm early so countries can prepare early, detect and strengthen all the capacities to avoid going through very large outbreaks."

Rojas Alvarez explained that in regions where populations have little or no immunity, the virus can quickly cause significant epidemics, affecting up to three-quarters of the population.

Chikungunya virus is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female mosquitoes, most commonly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.

The latter, which is known as the tiger mosquito, is venturing farther north as the world warms because of human-driven climate change.

They bite primarily during daylight hours, with peak activity often in the early morning and late afternoon.

The WHO urged people to protect themselves through measures like using mosquito repellent and not leaving water to stagnate in containers such as buckets, where mosquitoes can breed.

Read more: 
Chikungunya Fact Sheet 

Areas at Risk for Chikungunya 

Video of Dr Diana Rojas Alvarez speaking 

ICPAC Weekly Forecast 1 - 8 July 2025

The IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) has forecasted enhanced rainfall across several parts of Eastern Africa for the week of 1–8 July 2025, with significant weather implications for communities in the region.

Rainfall Forecast Highlights

Heavy rainfall exceeding 200 mm is expected in central to western Ethiopia and parts of southern Sudan. Moderate rainfall (50–200 mm) is forecasted over most of South Sudan, central to northern Uganda, western Kenya, central to western Ethiopia, western Eritrea, and southern Sudan. Light showers (below 50 mm) are likely in northern and central Sudan, eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, and parts of southern Somalia.

Notably, rainfall anomalies point to wetter-than-usual conditions in parts of western Kenya, central and northern Uganda, southwestern Ethiopia, southern and central Sudan, and most of South Sudan. Conversely, drier-than-usual conditions may occur in some areas of western South Sudan, southeastern Sudan, northern Ethiopia, and western Eritrea.

Exceptional rainfall—above the 90th percentile—is expected in parts of southern Sudan, central to eastern South Sudan, western and northern Ethiopia, western Eritrea, and areas from eastern Uganda into western Kenya.

Flood Risk

The forecast indicates a high likelihood of flooding in flood-prone regions, including north-western and central Ethiopia, south-central Sudan, and north-central South Sudan.

Temperature Forecast

High temperatures above 32°C are expected across northern Sudan, the Red Sea coast, northeastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northwestern Somalia. Most of the region will experience moderate to high temperatures (20–32°C), while cooler conditions (below 20°C) are expected in Rwanda, Burundi, southern Uganda, central to southern Tanzania, and southwestern Kenya.

Temperature anomalies reveal cooler-than-usual conditions in eastern South Sudan, southwestern Ethiopia, and parts of Sudan, while much of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) may experience warmer-than-usual temperatures. Elevated heat stress levels are also anticipated in northern Sudan and Ethiopia's Afar region.

For more, visit ICPAC’s East Africa Hazards Watch: ICPAC’s East Africa Hazards Watch https://www.icpac.net/

African countries like Uganda and South Africa are rewriting the rules of emergency response. The rest of the world must follow – or fall behind.

As global health faces rising threats from pandemics, climate change, and conflict, African countries like Uganda and South Africa are offering critical lessons by integrating immunisation into broader emergency preparedness systems. Immunisation must be seen not merely as a tool to prevent disease, but as foundational infrastructure for pandemic preparedness and response (PPR). With trusted community networks, robust cold chain logistics, and real-time data systems, immunisation programmes are uniquely positioned to serve as early warning and rapid response mechanisms.

Uganda and South Africa exemplify this shift. Uganda leveraged its immunisation system during COVID-19 to enhance surveillance, contact tracing, and vaccine rollout—proving the value of integrating health security with routine services. South Africa adopted a whole-of-government approach, aligning its vaccination efforts with disaster management strategies and digital health platforms. These examples show that when countries treat immunisation as core public infrastructure, they build more resilient and responsive health systems.

Yet global frameworks still largely treat immunisation as a siloed vertical rather than a pillar of health security. As the World Health Assembly prepares to discuss the Pandemic Accord, there’s a risk of missing a pivotal opportunity to embed vaccines in the heart of preparedness planning. Delivering on the WHO’s Immunisation Agenda 2030 requires political will, integrated financing, and community leadership. Africa is showing the way—now the world must follow.

Read full article from Health Policy Watch 

Tanzania is expected to experience unusually heavy rainfall in its central to southern regions between February 4 and 11, 2025. At the same time, the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) region will likely see warmer-than-average temperatures, according to the latest weather forecasts from the IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC).

During this period, moderate rainfall ranging between 50 and 200 millimeters is expected across most parts of Burundi and central to southern Tanzania. In contrast, northern Tanzania and most parts of Rwanda are likely to receive light rainfall of less than 50 millimeters. It is important to note that one millimeter of rainfall is equivalent to one liter of water per square meter.

Rainfall anomalies indicate that central to southeastern Tanzania will receive more precipitation than usual, whereas the western regions of the country will experience lower-than-normal rainfall. Some areas in the central to southern regions may see exceptional rainfall amounts exceeding the top 10% of recorded levels. This raises concerns about potential flooding, particularly in flood-prone areas, where residents should remain vigilant and stay updated on weather alerts.

The temperature forecast for the same period suggests that moderate to high temperatures, ranging between 20 and 32 degrees Celsius, will prevail across South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, central to southern Sudan, and the eastern parts of Rwanda and Burundi. Meanwhile, milder conditions, with temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius, are expected in northern Sudan, the Ethiopian highlands, northern Somalia, and parts of central to western Kenya.

Temperature anomalies point to warmer-than-usual conditions across most of the GHA region, with some areas in southeastern Kenya and isolated parts of the region experiencing cooler-than-normal temperatures. Additionally, extreme cautionary heat stress levels are anticipated in South Sudan, southern Sudan, eastern Tanzania and Kenya, and southern Somalia. See weather maps here .

In the week of 29 January - 05 February 2025 more than usual rainfall is expected in parts of southern Kenya and central to eastern Tanzania this week, coupled with warmer-than-average temperatures across most of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) region. Communities are advised to stay vigilant, especially in flood-prone areas.

Rainfall Forecast

Total Rainfall

Moderate rainfall (50-200 mm) is expected across most of Burundi, Tanzania, and parts of south-western Kenya. Light rainfall (less than 50 mm) is anticipated in western Rwanda, northern Burundi, south-western to western Kenya, northern Tanzania, and regions along the Red Sea coast.

(Note: 1 mm of rainfall is equivalent to 1 liter of water per square meter.)

Rainfall Anomalies

Above-average rainfall is predicted for parts of south-western Kenya and central to eastern Tanzania.

Below-average rainfall is likely over central to western regions of Tanzania.

Exceptional Rainfall

Rainfall exceeding the top 10% of historical records is forecasted in isolated areas of central and southern Tanzania.

Flood Risks

Areas in central Tanzania experiencing exceptionally heavy rainfall may see isolated incidents of flooding.

Residents in high-risk zones are urged to take precautionary measures and stay updated on local advisories.

This week’s forecast underscores the importance of preparedness in areas prone to heavy rainfall and flooding. Authorities and communities should collaborate to minimize potential impacts, particularly in central Tanzania, where exceptional weather conditions are expected.

Source: IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC). See map .

Photo: Daily News, Tanzania.

On November 16, 2024, a four-story building collapsed in Dar es Salaam's Kariakoo area, resulting in 29 confirmed deaths and 88 injuries. Rescue operations concluded after 10 days, during which more than 80 individuals were rescued from the debris. The building's owner has been arrested, and investigations into the incident are ongoing. The collapse occurred in the busy Kariakoo district, raising critical questions about building safety and emergency preparedness in urban centers. In response, President Samia Suluhu Hassan has ordered an audit of all buildings in the Kariakoo area to assess their structural integrity and prevent future tragedies.

Chief government spokesperson Thobias Makoba provided updates at the scene, sharing that rescue workers were using specialized methods to maintain communication and supply oxygen to those trapped. These techniques underscore the importance of using effective communication tools during emergencies.

Leadership in action

President Samia Suluhu Hassan, attending a G20 summit in Brazil, extended the rescue timeline several times emphasizing the commitment to saving lives. “Do not end the rescue operations. Extend it by an extra 24 hours to continue the fight for our brothers and sisters, whom we believe are still alive,” President Hassan stated. She also commended the rescue teams and volunteers for their relentless efforts.

Her decision highlights the critical role of leadership in coordinating effective communication during crises. Clear, decisive messaging can inspire action, instill hope, and guide public behavior in emergencies.

Community engagement and safety awareness

The incident has spurred significant public concern, with many volunteers stepping forward to assist rescue efforts. However, two individuals were arrested for unauthorized fundraising related to the tragedy, demonstrating the need for clear guidelines on legitimate channels for support. Transparency in crisis communication helps build trust and prevents misinformation.

This tragedy underscores the importance of community awareness about urban safety. Authorities and stakeholders should prioritize public education on structural safety and the role of citizens in reporting unsafe practices.

Risk communication takeaways

This event serves as a reminder of the critical elements of effective Risk and Crisis Communication:

• Preparedness: Ensuring robust urban planning and enforcement of safety regulations.
• Real-time updates: Providing clear, timely information to the public to manage expectations and guide action.
• Community involvement: Leveraging trusted community leaders and organizations to foster collaboration during crises.
• Building trust: Ensuring transparency in response efforts and addressing misinformation proactively.

This incident provides valuable lessons for improving emergency response and fostering community resilience in Tanzania and beyond.

Media links for further reading:

1. Rescue ends in Tanzania building collapse as death toll rises to 29

   https://apnews.com/article/tanzania-building-collapse-37451d91d64618b867ba3c564e9d24db

2.  Tanzania building collapse: Rescue efforts continue as govt vows stern action

   https://www.africanews.com/2024/11/18/tanzania-building-collapse-rescue-efforts-continue-as-govt-vows-stern-action/

3. Tanzania building collapse kills at least 13 people https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tanzania-building-collapse-kills-least-13-people-2024-11-17/

4. Five killed, 42 rescued in Kariakoo building collapse

   https://dailynews.co.tz/five-killed-42-rescued-in-kariakoo-building-collapse/

The Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, spanning 30,000 square kilometers across Kenya’s Maasai Mara and Tanzania’s Serengeti, is a vital habitat with diverse landscapes, including savannahs, grasslands, riverine forests, and acacia woodlands. This ecosystem hosts the Great Migration, where millions of wildebeest, zebras, and other herbivores journey annually in search of food and water. This migration sustains numerous predators like lions and cheetahs, maintaining an ecological balance that exemplifies the region’s biodiversity. The ecosystem also supports species like elephants, giraffes, hippos, and a rich variety of bird species, creating a unique setting for intricate ecological interactions.

However, climate change threatens the stability of this ecosystem. A study featured in The Guardian, conducted by a research team from universities in Europe, IUCN, and Kenya Meteorological Department has examined the Mara-Serengeti’s weather patterns since 1913, noting increased temperatures, variable rainfall, and recurring severe droughts over recent decades. Average minimum temperatures have risen significantly, with Narok Town showing a 5.3°C increase from 1960 to 2024. Rainfall has also increased, alongside more frequent and intense droughts and floods, all of which are straining resources vital for wildlife and communities alike.

Global climate systems, especially the Southern Oscillation Index (which influences El Niño and La Niña events) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), have exacerbated these extreme weather conditions. Since 1970, El Niño and La Niña events have become more intense and frequent, leading to unpredictable rainfall and drought cycles in East Africa. Additionally, a warming Indian Ocean has strengthened the IOD, contributing to more frequent severe floods and droughts. These intensified climate patterns, driven by global warming, disrupt traditional migration and breeding cycles, reduce water and vegetation availability, and heighten competition between wildlife and human communities.

The impact on the ecosystem is profound. Wildlife populations are declining as animals face shrinking habitats and limited resources. Field observations, historical data from Kenya’s Game Department, and district records show that extreme weather events have repeatedly coincided with notable shifts in wildlife distribution and population. The researchers systematically ruled out other factors like poaching, pollution, or disease, confirming that climate change is the main driver.

The Serengeti-Mara ecosystem stands at a critical juncture. Conservation efforts must adapt to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure the long-term resilience of this biodiverse landscape. Balancing the needs of both wildlife and local communities is essential to preserving the ecosystem's health and supporting those who depend on it.

Read full article in The Guardian on this link .

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 4.5 billion people worldwide lack access to essential healthcare services. Amidst global health challenges, more than 100,000 mpox cases and 200 deaths have been confirmed, and outbreaks of cholera and other diseases are escalating. A report predicts climate change could cause 14.5 million additional deaths by 2050 and impose a $1.1 trillion burden on healthcare systems. Experts warn that global preparedness remains inadequate, with lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic largely unlearned. Read more from this report by Al Jazeera.

A new study highlights the critical role of addressing gender inequalities in improving both human and environmental health. Authored by Claudia Cataldo, Roberta Masella, and Luca Busani, the research explores how the gender gap—particularly in education and political empowerment—correlates with life expectancy and environmental performance across 155 countries.

The study emphasizes that reducing gender disparities, especially in educational attainment, can positively impact not only societal well-being but also ecosystem vitality and public health. By closing the gender gap, nations could significantly enhance the effectiveness of the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health.

For a deeper dive into the research and its findings, read the full paper here . 

A recent paper highlights the importance of integrating gender perspectives into the One Health approach to better manage the risks at the human-animal-environment interface. Researchers Claudia Cataldo, Maria Bellenghi, Roberta Masella, and Luca Busani emphasize that gender-specific roles influence individuals' exposure to zoonoses and other infectious diseases.

The paper presents case studies on avian influenza and leptospirosis, showing how women, especially in rural communities, face higher risks due to their domestic and caregiving roles. By incorporating gender analysis, the One Health approach can improve public health interventions and reduce infection risks.

Read the full paper here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100530